Is it true? Vikings, dogs, and twins edition
MoMorad/Getty
Listeners send us LOTS of questions. Like hundreds a month! We read every single one — and we love all of them! Every now and then, we get a special kind of question that starts with “Is it true that…?” These questions are special because they’re skeptical. They’re designed to seek out the truth.
In this episode, Molly and co-host Meyer tackle three “Is it true that…” questions. First, they’ll explore whether twins can feel each other’s pain. Then, they’ll find out if the Vikings had horns on their helmets! They’ll end their quest by discovering whether dogs can see color like we do. All that, plus a tricky new mystery sound!
Featured Experts:
Dr. Heide Wrobel Nørgaard is an archaeologist and goldsmith based in Denmark. Read more about her work here.
Dr. Jay Neitz is a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Washington. Read more about his work and experience here.
Audio Transcript
Download transcript (PDF)
MEYER: You're listening to Brains On!, where we're serious about being curious.
CHILD 1: Brains On! is supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
ROSIE DUPONT: Magic fishbowl, magic fish. Tell me, will I win the meat raffle tonight?
[WHOOSHES]
Try again later? This thing is useless.
[DOOR OPENS]
MOLLY BLOOM: Brains On! producer Rosie DuPont, what are you doing in the broom closet?
ROSIE DUPONT: Oh, hi, Molly. I'm not Rosie today. I'm the Rose that Knows, future-seer, advice-giver, freelance stylist, and interior designer. How can I help you?
MOLLY BLOOM: I've got some questions.
ROSIE DUPONT: And I've got answers! Here, take a seat on this bucket.
[CLATTERING, YELLING]
MOLLY BLOOM: This broom closet is kind of crowded.
ROSIE DUPONT: Oh, come on, it's my new fortune-telling office. It's full of fantastic tools. Look at this empty fishbowl. It's like a crystal ball! Just put your hand on it and say, magic fishbowl, tell me-- and then ask your question.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK. Magic fishbowl, tell me, can twins feel each other's pain?
[WHOOSHES]
ROSIE DUPONT: Oh! I just felt a pain in my foot. I must have stubbed my toe on that vacuum, or maybe twins do feel each other's pain. OK, next question.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK. Magic fishbowl, tell me, did the Vikings really have horns on their helmets?
[WHOOSHING]
ROSIE DUPONT: Ah, I'm getting a vision-- [GASPS] of you, Molly. You're wearing a helmet with horns and holding a giant spear. You look like a Viking. And what's that? Oh, you're singing opera. Like [OPERATIC VOCALIZING].
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh. So what's the answer to my question?
ROSIE DUPONT: Uh, what was your question again?
MOLLY BLOOM: Did the Vikings have horns on their helmets?
ROSIE DUPONT: Mm. Uh, try again later.
MOLLY BLOOM: Right.
ROSIE DUPONT: Look, these questions aren't really in my wheelhouse, shall we say? I do better with questions like, how many eggs are in a dozen? Or, is burnt sienna in my color palette? If you want answers to your questions, you should talk to a twin specialist or a Viking expert.
MOLLY BLOOM: Great idea, Rosie. I think I will.
ROSIE DUPONT: Oh, great! Well, be sure to tell them the Rose that Knows sent you. If they want to come in for a consultation, send them to the end of the hall on the eighth floor in broom closet B, and I'll read their fortune!
[THEME MUSIC]
MOLLY BLOOM: You're listening to Brains On! from APM Studios. I'm Molly Bloom and my co-host today is Meyer from Chico, California. Hi, Meyer.
MEYER: Hi, Molly.
MOLLY BLOOM: So as you probably know, listeners send us lots of questions. Like, hundreds a month.
MEYER: So many questions.
MOLLY BLOOM: And we love them so much. We noticed that there's a special kind of question that we get every so often, and this kind of question begins like this.
MEYER: Is it true that--
MOLLY BLOOM: We love these questions. Maybe you heard something from your friend or saw something on TV, and you wanted to know--
MEYER: Is that thing true, and how do we know if it's true or not?
MOLLY BLOOM: That's called being skeptical. It means you don't just believe everything you hear. You question things.
MEYER: It's a great way of staying curious.
MOLLY BLOOM: A few years ago, we did a series of episodes about this called Prove It, where we looked at how journalists and scientists find the facts. You can find links to those episodes on our website, brainson.org.
MEYER: Those episodes answer a few "is it true" questions too, like--
CHILD 2: Is it true that ladybugs are as old as they have spots?
CHILD 3: I have heard that diamonds are the strongest material in the world. Why is this, and how do we know it's true?
LILY: Hi. My name is Lily, and I'm from Phoenix, Arizona. I've heard that coffee can stunt kids' growth. Is that true?
CHILD 4: Do fish have brains? And I heard they have a three-second memory. Is that true?
MOLLY BLOOM: Such great questions. You can find answers to all of them in our Prove It series.
MEYER: Go check out those episodes.
MOLLY BLOOM: And if you have an "is it true" question, send it to us. What thing have you heard that you wonder about? We love finding answers for you. You can send them to us at brainson.org/contact.
CHILDREN: Brains On!
MOLLY BLOOM: Today we're answering three more "is it true" questions from our listeners. And the first is, is it true that twins can feel when the other is sad or in pain? Do you think twins have some kind of connection in their brains?
MEYER: No, I don't think so.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ah, OK. Well, we have someone here with us today who might be able to help us figure this one out-- our intern, Jess Miller. He's actually a twin himself. Hi, Jess.
JESS MILLER: Hi, Molly. Hi, Meyer. That's right. I have a twin brother named Thomas. He lives in Virginia, where I grew up. He and I were born on the same day, just one minute apart.
MEYER: Are you two pretty similar?
JESS MILLER: Not really. To understand why, let's cover some twin basics. There are actually two main types of twins.
MOLLY BLOOM: Some look really similar to each other. They're called identical twins.
JESS MILLER: Identical means exactly alike, and one reason why identical twins can look so similar is that their DNA is almost exactly the same.
MEYER: Oh, I've heard of DNA. It's like a set of instructions for making a body.
JESS MILLER: Correctamundo. Now, it's not guaranteed that identical twins will look the same. But they're more likely to, because like I said, they have very similar DNA.
MOLLY BLOOM: The other kind of twins are called fraternal twins.
JESS MILLER: My brother Thomas and I are fraternal twins. I have curly hair, and he has straight hair. He has brown eyes, and I've got blue eyes. And even though Thomas doesn't like to admit it, I'm actually a couple inches taller than him.
MEYER: So I'm guessing you don't have exactly the same DNA, then?
JESS MILLER: Right. Fraternal twins like us only share half of our DNA, which is about the same as any other siblings with the same parents. And we don't just look different. We act different, too. When I was a kid, I liked art and writing. Thomas liked math and sports. So yeah, even though we're twins, we're pretty different.
MOLLY BLOOM: Jess, we're really lucky to have a twin expert like you here, because we're hoping you can help us answer our first "is it true" question. Is it true that twins can feel when the other is sad or in pain?
JESS MILLER: Great question. It seems like siblings who are born at almost the exact same time or who even share the same DNA, like identical twins do, would have some kind of special connection, right? So it makes sense that people might think twins can feel each other's emotions. I couldn't remember a specific time when that ever happened to me. But I called my twin brother Thomas to find out his side of the story.
[CHEERFUL MUSIC]
THOMAS MILLER: I don't think I can say a time, certainly now that we live across the country from one another-- I'm never walking around and thinking, Jess feels sad today, or Jess just stubbed his toe. Maybe we should start texting each other when we hurt ourselves.
JESS MILLER: Yeah. Well, let's try it. I'm going to pinch my arm right now, my left arm.
THOMAS MILLER: OK.
JESS MILLER: I'm going to pinch it near the elbow, and you tell me if you can feel anything.
THOMAS MILLER: No, I'm not feeling anything.
JESS MILLER: Why don't you give it a try?
THOMAS MILLER: OK. Right arm getting pinched.
JESS MILLER: No, not feeling it. There you have it.
THOMAS MILLER: Conclusive evidence.
MEYER: Hmm. So Thomas and Jess can't feel each other's pain. Is that true for all twins?
JESS MILLER: Good question. Scientists have actually tested that with different experiments. In one experiment, they took two twins-- we'll call them Twin A and Twin B. Then the scientists put the two twins in separate rooms, and at random times they'd show Twin A something to surprise or scare them.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ah! Oh, sorry. Just thinking about being scared scared me.
JESS MILLER: Totally get it. Anyway, where was I? Oh, right. They'd show Twin A something scary or surprising, then they'd have the other twin, Twin B, hooked up to a special machine that took pictures of their brain.
MEYER: To see if Twin B could sense when twin was in pain, just by looking at what was happening in their brain?
JESS MILLER: Exactly. When someone is scared, certain spots in their brain activate, and scientists can see that using the brain scanner machine. But here's the thing. In this experiment, those brain pictures showed that Twin B couldn't sense when Twin A was scared.
MOLLY BLOOM: Hang on. I've heard so many stories of twins who have some kind of connection. Like in 1979, two twins who'd been separated at birth for almost 40 years found each other again. It turned out they had the same exact job, drove the same kind of car, and married women with the same name. They even gave their sons the same name.
MEYER: Whoa, that's wild.
JESS MILLER: Yeah, there are lots of stories of twins who have some kind of special connection, especially identical twins. Some of this is probably because they have almost the exact same DNA.
MOLLY BLOOM: And if they grew up in the same household, at the same time, it means they're more likely to think, act, and move through the world in a lot of the same ways, just like any other siblings.
JESS MILLER: Right. But scientists have tested this over and over again, and they've found that twins don't seem to be able to feel each other's emotions. So to answer the question, is it true that twins can feel when the other is sad or in pain? As far as we know, no, they can't.
MEYER: Right. If new studies are done that find something different, we might change our minds.
MOLLY BLOOM: But for now, it seems like this idea is fiction, not fact.
MEYER: Thanks, Jess.
JESS MILLER: My pleasure. So long.
MOLLY BLOOM: And we have a lot more mysteries to talk about, starting with the--
[WHOOSHING]
CHILD 5: Mystery sound.
MOLLY BLOOM: You ready to hear it, Meyer?
MEYER: Yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: Here it is.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
OK. What do you think?
MEYER: I think it's someone that left their phone in the washer.
MOLLY BLOOM: [LAUGHS] What makes you think that?
MEYER: Because the water, and then the rumbling.
MOLLY BLOOM: Mm. Yeah, I definitely heard water too.
MEYER: Or like someone that left their phone, or put some recording device under a sink or something.
MOLLY BLOOM: Mm, OK. So it's near a sink or a washer, something that has water going on. Do you think their phone or recording device is OK after that?
MEYER: Mm, yeah, probably.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK. Phew. It was waterproof or something, you think?
MEYER: I mean, they could do it if they put plastic wrap around their phone.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ah, OK. Very smart. All right. Let's hear it one more time.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
OK. Any new thoughts after hearing it again?
MEYER: Like, maybe someone washing dishes.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, that totally could be it too. OK. So it seems like we're pretty confident water is involved. We're going to hear the mystery sound again, get another chance to guess, and then we'll hear the answer after the credits. So stick around.
[UPBEAT MUSIC]
We are working on an episode about how paper is made. Paper is all around us. There's pizza boxes and toilet paper, books and wrapping paper. We use it to pay people, wipe up messes, share ideas, and so much more. And we want to see your paper creations. What have you made out of paper? Origami sculptures? Paper planes? Meyer, what's something cool that you've made out of paper?
MEYER: Probably a drawing.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, very nice. What do you like to draw?
MEYER: I can do someone's name in block letters and then make it look 3D.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ooh, that's really cool. Well, listeners, take a picture of your paper creation and send it to us at brainson.org/contact. While you're there, send us your mystery sounds and questions.
MEYER: Like this one.
CHILD 6: Why does bread have holes in it?
MOLLY BLOOM: You can find answers to questions like these on the Moment of Um podcast, a short dose of facts and fun every weekday. Find Moment of Um and more at brainson.org.
MEYER: So keep listening.
PRESENTER 1: Brains On! Universe is a family of podcasts for kids and their adults. Since you're a fan of Brains On!, we know you'll love the other shows in our universe. Come on, let's explore.
[SONIC BOOM]
PRESENTER 2: Brains On! I'm their biggest fan. I also love Forever Ago, a fun history podcast for the whole family. Listen, I will play you Forever Ago now. You will love.
[BEEPING]
[TRIUMPHANT MUSIC]
PRESENTER 3: Homing pigeons were a speedy way to deliver messages to military bases. Some pigeons could fly hundreds of miles in a single day, zipping through the air as fast as 60 miles per hour.
PRESENTER 4: That's so fast for such a tiny bird.
PRESENTER 3: These pigeons delivered life-saving messages throughout the war.
[BEEPING]
[GASPS] Larp! Where did the signal go?
[TYPING, BEEPING]
Must find Forever Ago now!
[LOUD BANG]
PRESENTER 1: Listen to Forever Ago wherever you get your podcasts.
SINGER 1: (SINGING) Ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, Brains On!
MEYER: You're listening to Brains On! I'm Meyer.
MOLLY BLOOM: And I'm Molly. Today we're taking some of the "is it true" questions you've sent us and putting them to the test. If you have one, send it to us at brainson.org/contact.
MEYER: We just heard that twins cannot feel each other's pain.
MOLLY BLOOM: Next up, we'll answer a very different kind of question about the Vikings.
[DRAMATIC MUSIC]
MEYER: Vikings were fearsome warriors and skilled sailors.
MOLLY BLOOM: About a thousand years ago, they dominated Europe and beyond.
MEYER: Viking warriors paddled longboats that sometimes looked like dragons.
[DRAGON ROARS]
MOLLY BLOOM: And they wore helmets with horns.
MEYER: Or did they?
[RECORD SLOWS, STOPS]
MOLLY BLOOM: Recently we got this question from Cora in Portland, Oregon.
CORA: Is it true that Viking helmets didn't have horns?
MOLLY BLOOM: We decided to ask Dr. Heide Norgaard. She's an archaeologist from Denmark.
MEYER: And she knows a lot about Vikings.
HEIDE NORGAARD: The Vikings we know today are kind of a fairy tale that was told in the 1800s.
MOLLY BLOOM: This was hundreds of years after the time of the Vikings, so people in Europe hadn't seen Vikings for themselves.
MEYER: Most people in Europe at the time lived and worked on farms. The steam engine was becoming more common.
MOLLY BLOOM: And people were becoming more familiar with Viking myths and stories.
MEYER: Around the same time, archaeologists were very interested in the treasures they found from the Viking Age.
MOLLY BLOOM: Artists were interested, too. They began painting pictures of Vikings with big beards, muscles, and horned helmets.
MEYER: There was even a series of operas that came out called the Ring Cycle, inspired by Viking mythology.
[CLASSICAL MUSIC]
MOLLY BLOOM: Here's Heide again.
HEIDE NORGAARD: This opera is about strong men who are fighting for their country, and the designer of the costumes wanted to have these men look even more strong. And he was the one that put horns on the helmets. That was his design. So the idea is born in the opera, and until today, we haven't changed this picture.
MOLLY BLOOM: So a costume designer and a few artists in the 1800s created this image of Vikings wearing horned helmets, and it sticks with us today. But to answer Cora's question--
HEIDE NORGAARD: Vikings did not have horns on their helmets.
MEYER: Whoa! Big-time plot twist. Vikings didn't have horned helmets.
MOLLY BLOOM: Which makes sense when you think about it.
MEYER: Horns would have made their helmets take up too much space on warships.
MOLLY BLOOM: And they would have been dangerous and clunky in battle.
HEIDE NORGAARD: A helmet should help the sword away from your head. It glides off the helmet. When you put horns on your helmet, the sword will get catched in the horns.
MOLLY BLOOM: So Vikings wore simple helmets made of iron or leather, or no helmets at all.
MEYER: But ancient helmets with horns have been discovered where the Vikings once lived.
MOLLY BLOOM: For example, about 80 years ago, people discovered two ancient metal helmets with big bull-like horns in Denmark.
MEYER: So how do scientists know these helmets didn't belong to the Vikings?
MOLLY BLOOM: When archaeologists looked closely at those horned helmets, they realized they were similar to objects from the Bronze Age, way before the Vikings existed. A few years ago, Heide and a team of scientists tested ancient glue found on one of the horns and confirmed the truth. Those helmets are at least 2,000 years older than the Vikings. They belonged to someone else.
MEYER: Archaeologists solving ancient mysteries. I've always wanted to be an archaeologist.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh my gosh, when did you start getting interested in that?
MEYER: Ever since I read about Pompeii. [LAUGHS]
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, Pompeii is so cool. Can you tell me what Pompeii is, in case kids don't know what it is?
MEYER: It was this city that was covered in ash because Mount Vesuvius erupted.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh my gosh. So the whole town in Italy is basically preserved because of all the ash that fell on it, right?
MEYER: Yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: That's so cool. So what kind of archaeology would you want to do?
MEYER: Probably like that, or being a paleontologist.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ah, OK. Yeah. So yeah, the difference between archaeology and paleontology is archaeologists study humans, and paleontologists study ancient dinosaur stuff and other old animals. But you're interested in old stuff that doesn't exist anymore. Is that because it's kind of mysterious?
MEYER: Yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: Very cool. What's a question you have about the past that you would want to find an answer to?
MEYER: How old are humans? Like, when did our new species start existing?
MOLLY BLOOM: Mm, excellent question. Yeah. I can't wait till you're an archaeologist and you find some answers.
[CHEERFUL MUSIC]
Digging into the past is so much fun, and so is digging into tricky questions. Lucky for us, we have one more to answer.
HOLLAND: My name is Holland and I'm from Massachusetts. I was wondering, is it true that dogs can't see as many colors as humans?
MEYER: I have wondered if that's true.
MOLLY BLOOM: That's something a young scientist named Jay Neitz wondered, too. Let me set the scene. It was the late 1980s.
[ELECTRONIC MUSIC]
Jay was working in a lab that studied how brains see color.
JAY NEITZ: When I would tell people that I work on color vision, they a lot of times would ask me different questions about it. And one of the most common questions people would ask is about what kinds of colors dogs see. Are dogs are really colorblind?
MEYER: Back then, a lot of people thought dogs could only see black and white.
MOLLY BLOOM: But Jay looked into the research that existed, and there wasn't a lot. And the research that did exist hadn't found an answer. The lab Jay worked in had developed a way to test color vision in animals like monkeys.
MEYER: So he set out to find an answer about dogs.
JAY NEITZ: The way we do it is we start with a question, and then we come up with a tentative answer to that question. So our question is, do dogs see color?
MOLLY BLOOM: This is how science works. First a question, then a hypothesis. That's a prediction of an answer to your question.
JAY NEITZ: When you have a hypothesis, it makes a prediction, and then we can test that prediction.
MEYER: So the question was, do dogs see color? And the prediction was, yes, we think they can.
MOLLY BLOOM: And Jay started with a dog he knew very well.
JAY NEITZ: My wife and I had a little dog, a toy poodle. His name was Retina.
MOLLY BLOOM: Yes, Retina. Like the part of the eye that senses light. Your whole body is made up of cells. You've got blood cells, brain cells, bone marrow cells.
MEYER: The list could go on and on, but we don't need to. You get the idea.
MOLLY BLOOM: Your eye is made up of cells, too. And on the retina, that special light-sensing part of your eye, are special cells called cones.
MEYER: Humans have three kinds of cone cells-- cones that sense red light, cones that sense green light, and cones that sense blue light.
MOLLY BLOOM: With these three cones, we can see a whole rainbow of colors. When Jay tested Retina the dog, he figured out that Retina's doggy eyes had two types of cone cells, ones that sense blue light and ones that sense yellow light. Which means they see the world in shades of blue and yellow.
MEYER: Then Jay tested a few other dogs and found these dogs' results were the same as his dog, Retina. The data supported the hypothesis.
MOLLY BLOOM: So it seemed like his guess was right, at least based on what we know now.
JAY NEITZ: In science, you can never prove something completely. But we do an experiment and then go, OK. Our hypothesis so far seems well-supported, because this is what we would predict.
MEYER: Did he just say science can never prove something completely?
MOLLY BLOOM: He did. That's because scientists are really good at understanding that there's so much about the world we don't know. New technology could be developed that shows us things in a new light. New questions could be asked that give us a new way of understanding something. So scientists are good at pointing out that what we know right now is just that-- what we know right now.
MEYER: And knowing something right now doesn't mean we stop asking questions and trying to learn more.
MOLLY BLOOM: Exactly.
[UPBEAT MUSIC]
Being skeptical is important. Stay curious and keep asking, is it true?
MEYER: Today, your questions helped us learn some pretty fascinating things.
MOLLY BLOOM: Like, can twins feel each other's pain? No, even though they may have a lot in common.
MEYER: And the Vikings didn't wear horned helmets. A costume designer and some artists invented that idea in the 1800s.
MOLLY BLOOM: And dogs can't see color like we do, but they do see the world in shades of yellow and blue.
MEYER: That's it for this episode of Brains On!
MOLLY BLOOM: This episode was written by--
JESS MILLER: Jess Miller.
ROSIE DUPONT: Rosie DuPont.
MOLLY BLOOM: And me, Molly Bloom. Our editors are--
SANDEN TOTTEN: Sanden Totten.
MOLLY BLOOM: --and--
SHAHLA FARZAN: Shahla Farzan.
MOLLY BLOOM: Fact-checking by--
RUBY GUTHRIE: Ruby Guthrie.
MOLLY BLOOM: We had engineering help from Josh Savageau and Trevor Parks, with sound design by--
RACHEL BREES: Rachel Brees.
MOLLY BLOOM: Original theme music by--
MARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez.
MEYER: We had production help from the rest of the Brains On! Universe team.
ANNA GOLDFIELD: Anna Goldfield.
NICO GONZALEZ WISLER: Nico Gonzalez Wisler.
LAUREN HUMPERT: Lauren Humpert.
JOSHUA RAY: Joshua Ray.
MARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez.
CHARLOTTE TRAVER: Charlotte Traver.
ANNA WEGGEL: Anna Weggel.
MEYER: And--
ARON WOLDESLASSIE: Aron Woldeslassie.
MOLLY BLOOM: Beth Pearlman is our executive producer, and the executives in charge of APM Studios are Chandra Kavati and Joanne Griffith. Special thank to Mrs. Miller, Lisa Hutton, and Oliver Hutton.
MEYER: Brains On! is a nonprofit public radio program.
MOLLY BLOOM: There are lots of ways to support the show. Subscribe to Brains On! Universe on YouTube, where you can watch animated versions of some of your favorite episodes, or head to brainson.org.
MEYER: While you're there, you can send us mystery sounds, drawings, and questions.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK, Meyer, are you ready to hear the mystery sound again?
MEYER: Uh, yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, yeah. OK, let's hear it.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
What do you think? Because the last time you were like, maybe a sink, maybe some water.
MEYER: I think it's washing dishes.
MOLLY BLOOM: Washing dishes. I think you're really close with that. I think there's definitely a sink involved, too. I think there's definitely dishes or something. Sounds like something's grinding, maybe?
MEYER: Wait, can I hear it again?
MOLLY BLOOM: Yeah.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
MEYER: It's a garbage disposal.
MOLLY BLOOM: It does sound like a garbage disposal. Like in the sink.
MEYER: Because you have to run the water while the garbage disposal is going.
MOLLY BLOOM: Yes!
MEYER: And the little thunk is you plopping the food in.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, yes. I think you are correct. Should we see if you're right?
MEYER: Yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK, here's the answer.
REID: My name is Reid from Ann Arbor, Michigan. And that was the sound of my garbage disposal grinding up limes.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, good job! You got it! A garbage disposal grinding up limes. Excellent, excellent work.
MEYER: We have one in our house. My brother likes to just turn it on and off and on and off.
MOLLY BLOOM: In case people don't have garbage disposals at home, it's connected to your sink, and you can put-- if there are food chunks that go down your sink, it'll kind of mash them all up.
MEYER: And there's this little bolt that spins around, and then it mashes up the food.
MOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. Nice work, Meyer. Garbage disposals are very loud.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
Now it's time for the Brains Honor Roll. These are the incredible kids who keep the show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings, and high fives.
[LISTING HONOR ROLL]
SINGER 2: (SINGING) Brains Honor Roll. High fives.
MOLLY BLOOM: We'll be back next week with a mystery sound extravaganza.
MEYER: Thanks for listening.
CHILD 1: Brains On! is supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
ROSIE DUPONT: Magic fishbowl, magic fish. Tell me, will I win the meat raffle tonight?
[WHOOSHES]
Try again later? This thing is useless.
[DOOR OPENS]
MOLLY BLOOM: Brains On! producer Rosie DuPont, what are you doing in the broom closet?
ROSIE DUPONT: Oh, hi, Molly. I'm not Rosie today. I'm the Rose that Knows, future-seer, advice-giver, freelance stylist, and interior designer. How can I help you?
MOLLY BLOOM: I've got some questions.
ROSIE DUPONT: And I've got answers! Here, take a seat on this bucket.
[CLATTERING, YELLING]
MOLLY BLOOM: This broom closet is kind of crowded.
ROSIE DUPONT: Oh, come on, it's my new fortune-telling office. It's full of fantastic tools. Look at this empty fishbowl. It's like a crystal ball! Just put your hand on it and say, magic fishbowl, tell me-- and then ask your question.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK. Magic fishbowl, tell me, can twins feel each other's pain?
[WHOOSHES]
ROSIE DUPONT: Oh! I just felt a pain in my foot. I must have stubbed my toe on that vacuum, or maybe twins do feel each other's pain. OK, next question.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK. Magic fishbowl, tell me, did the Vikings really have horns on their helmets?
[WHOOSHING]
ROSIE DUPONT: Ah, I'm getting a vision-- [GASPS] of you, Molly. You're wearing a helmet with horns and holding a giant spear. You look like a Viking. And what's that? Oh, you're singing opera. Like [OPERATIC VOCALIZING].
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh. So what's the answer to my question?
ROSIE DUPONT: Uh, what was your question again?
MOLLY BLOOM: Did the Vikings have horns on their helmets?
ROSIE DUPONT: Mm. Uh, try again later.
MOLLY BLOOM: Right.
ROSIE DUPONT: Look, these questions aren't really in my wheelhouse, shall we say? I do better with questions like, how many eggs are in a dozen? Or, is burnt sienna in my color palette? If you want answers to your questions, you should talk to a twin specialist or a Viking expert.
MOLLY BLOOM: Great idea, Rosie. I think I will.
ROSIE DUPONT: Oh, great! Well, be sure to tell them the Rose that Knows sent you. If they want to come in for a consultation, send them to the end of the hall on the eighth floor in broom closet B, and I'll read their fortune!
[THEME MUSIC]
MOLLY BLOOM: You're listening to Brains On! from APM Studios. I'm Molly Bloom and my co-host today is Meyer from Chico, California. Hi, Meyer.
MEYER: Hi, Molly.
MOLLY BLOOM: So as you probably know, listeners send us lots of questions. Like, hundreds a month.
MEYER: So many questions.
MOLLY BLOOM: And we love them so much. We noticed that there's a special kind of question that we get every so often, and this kind of question begins like this.
MEYER: Is it true that--
MOLLY BLOOM: We love these questions. Maybe you heard something from your friend or saw something on TV, and you wanted to know--
MEYER: Is that thing true, and how do we know if it's true or not?
MOLLY BLOOM: That's called being skeptical. It means you don't just believe everything you hear. You question things.
MEYER: It's a great way of staying curious.
MOLLY BLOOM: A few years ago, we did a series of episodes about this called Prove It, where we looked at how journalists and scientists find the facts. You can find links to those episodes on our website, brainson.org.
MEYER: Those episodes answer a few "is it true" questions too, like--
CHILD 2: Is it true that ladybugs are as old as they have spots?
CHILD 3: I have heard that diamonds are the strongest material in the world. Why is this, and how do we know it's true?
LILY: Hi. My name is Lily, and I'm from Phoenix, Arizona. I've heard that coffee can stunt kids' growth. Is that true?
CHILD 4: Do fish have brains? And I heard they have a three-second memory. Is that true?
MOLLY BLOOM: Such great questions. You can find answers to all of them in our Prove It series.
MEYER: Go check out those episodes.
MOLLY BLOOM: And if you have an "is it true" question, send it to us. What thing have you heard that you wonder about? We love finding answers for you. You can send them to us at brainson.org/contact.
CHILDREN: Brains On!
MOLLY BLOOM: Today we're answering three more "is it true" questions from our listeners. And the first is, is it true that twins can feel when the other is sad or in pain? Do you think twins have some kind of connection in their brains?
MEYER: No, I don't think so.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ah, OK. Well, we have someone here with us today who might be able to help us figure this one out-- our intern, Jess Miller. He's actually a twin himself. Hi, Jess.
JESS MILLER: Hi, Molly. Hi, Meyer. That's right. I have a twin brother named Thomas. He lives in Virginia, where I grew up. He and I were born on the same day, just one minute apart.
MEYER: Are you two pretty similar?
JESS MILLER: Not really. To understand why, let's cover some twin basics. There are actually two main types of twins.
MOLLY BLOOM: Some look really similar to each other. They're called identical twins.
JESS MILLER: Identical means exactly alike, and one reason why identical twins can look so similar is that their DNA is almost exactly the same.
MEYER: Oh, I've heard of DNA. It's like a set of instructions for making a body.
JESS MILLER: Correctamundo. Now, it's not guaranteed that identical twins will look the same. But they're more likely to, because like I said, they have very similar DNA.
MOLLY BLOOM: The other kind of twins are called fraternal twins.
JESS MILLER: My brother Thomas and I are fraternal twins. I have curly hair, and he has straight hair. He has brown eyes, and I've got blue eyes. And even though Thomas doesn't like to admit it, I'm actually a couple inches taller than him.
MEYER: So I'm guessing you don't have exactly the same DNA, then?
JESS MILLER: Right. Fraternal twins like us only share half of our DNA, which is about the same as any other siblings with the same parents. And we don't just look different. We act different, too. When I was a kid, I liked art and writing. Thomas liked math and sports. So yeah, even though we're twins, we're pretty different.
MOLLY BLOOM: Jess, we're really lucky to have a twin expert like you here, because we're hoping you can help us answer our first "is it true" question. Is it true that twins can feel when the other is sad or in pain?
JESS MILLER: Great question. It seems like siblings who are born at almost the exact same time or who even share the same DNA, like identical twins do, would have some kind of special connection, right? So it makes sense that people might think twins can feel each other's emotions. I couldn't remember a specific time when that ever happened to me. But I called my twin brother Thomas to find out his side of the story.
[CHEERFUL MUSIC]
THOMAS MILLER: I don't think I can say a time, certainly now that we live across the country from one another-- I'm never walking around and thinking, Jess feels sad today, or Jess just stubbed his toe. Maybe we should start texting each other when we hurt ourselves.
JESS MILLER: Yeah. Well, let's try it. I'm going to pinch my arm right now, my left arm.
THOMAS MILLER: OK.
JESS MILLER: I'm going to pinch it near the elbow, and you tell me if you can feel anything.
THOMAS MILLER: No, I'm not feeling anything.
JESS MILLER: Why don't you give it a try?
THOMAS MILLER: OK. Right arm getting pinched.
JESS MILLER: No, not feeling it. There you have it.
THOMAS MILLER: Conclusive evidence.
MEYER: Hmm. So Thomas and Jess can't feel each other's pain. Is that true for all twins?
JESS MILLER: Good question. Scientists have actually tested that with different experiments. In one experiment, they took two twins-- we'll call them Twin A and Twin B. Then the scientists put the two twins in separate rooms, and at random times they'd show Twin A something to surprise or scare them.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ah! Oh, sorry. Just thinking about being scared scared me.
JESS MILLER: Totally get it. Anyway, where was I? Oh, right. They'd show Twin A something scary or surprising, then they'd have the other twin, Twin B, hooked up to a special machine that took pictures of their brain.
MEYER: To see if Twin B could sense when twin was in pain, just by looking at what was happening in their brain?
JESS MILLER: Exactly. When someone is scared, certain spots in their brain activate, and scientists can see that using the brain scanner machine. But here's the thing. In this experiment, those brain pictures showed that Twin B couldn't sense when Twin A was scared.
MOLLY BLOOM: Hang on. I've heard so many stories of twins who have some kind of connection. Like in 1979, two twins who'd been separated at birth for almost 40 years found each other again. It turned out they had the same exact job, drove the same kind of car, and married women with the same name. They even gave their sons the same name.
MEYER: Whoa, that's wild.
JESS MILLER: Yeah, there are lots of stories of twins who have some kind of special connection, especially identical twins. Some of this is probably because they have almost the exact same DNA.
MOLLY BLOOM: And if they grew up in the same household, at the same time, it means they're more likely to think, act, and move through the world in a lot of the same ways, just like any other siblings.
JESS MILLER: Right. But scientists have tested this over and over again, and they've found that twins don't seem to be able to feel each other's emotions. So to answer the question, is it true that twins can feel when the other is sad or in pain? As far as we know, no, they can't.
MEYER: Right. If new studies are done that find something different, we might change our minds.
MOLLY BLOOM: But for now, it seems like this idea is fiction, not fact.
MEYER: Thanks, Jess.
JESS MILLER: My pleasure. So long.
MOLLY BLOOM: And we have a lot more mysteries to talk about, starting with the--
[WHOOSHING]
CHILD 5: Mystery sound.
MOLLY BLOOM: You ready to hear it, Meyer?
MEYER: Yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: Here it is.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
OK. What do you think?
MEYER: I think it's someone that left their phone in the washer.
MOLLY BLOOM: [LAUGHS] What makes you think that?
MEYER: Because the water, and then the rumbling.
MOLLY BLOOM: Mm. Yeah, I definitely heard water too.
MEYER: Or like someone that left their phone, or put some recording device under a sink or something.
MOLLY BLOOM: Mm, OK. So it's near a sink or a washer, something that has water going on. Do you think their phone or recording device is OK after that?
MEYER: Mm, yeah, probably.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK. Phew. It was waterproof or something, you think?
MEYER: I mean, they could do it if they put plastic wrap around their phone.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ah, OK. Very smart. All right. Let's hear it one more time.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
OK. Any new thoughts after hearing it again?
MEYER: Like, maybe someone washing dishes.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, that totally could be it too. OK. So it seems like we're pretty confident water is involved. We're going to hear the mystery sound again, get another chance to guess, and then we'll hear the answer after the credits. So stick around.
[UPBEAT MUSIC]
We are working on an episode about how paper is made. Paper is all around us. There's pizza boxes and toilet paper, books and wrapping paper. We use it to pay people, wipe up messes, share ideas, and so much more. And we want to see your paper creations. What have you made out of paper? Origami sculptures? Paper planes? Meyer, what's something cool that you've made out of paper?
MEYER: Probably a drawing.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, very nice. What do you like to draw?
MEYER: I can do someone's name in block letters and then make it look 3D.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ooh, that's really cool. Well, listeners, take a picture of your paper creation and send it to us at brainson.org/contact. While you're there, send us your mystery sounds and questions.
MEYER: Like this one.
CHILD 6: Why does bread have holes in it?
MOLLY BLOOM: You can find answers to questions like these on the Moment of Um podcast, a short dose of facts and fun every weekday. Find Moment of Um and more at brainson.org.
MEYER: So keep listening.
PRESENTER 1: Brains On! Universe is a family of podcasts for kids and their adults. Since you're a fan of Brains On!, we know you'll love the other shows in our universe. Come on, let's explore.
[SONIC BOOM]
PRESENTER 2: Brains On! I'm their biggest fan. I also love Forever Ago, a fun history podcast for the whole family. Listen, I will play you Forever Ago now. You will love.
[BEEPING]
[TRIUMPHANT MUSIC]
PRESENTER 3: Homing pigeons were a speedy way to deliver messages to military bases. Some pigeons could fly hundreds of miles in a single day, zipping through the air as fast as 60 miles per hour.
PRESENTER 4: That's so fast for such a tiny bird.
PRESENTER 3: These pigeons delivered life-saving messages throughout the war.
[BEEPING]
[GASPS] Larp! Where did the signal go?
[TYPING, BEEPING]
Must find Forever Ago now!
[LOUD BANG]
PRESENTER 1: Listen to Forever Ago wherever you get your podcasts.
SINGER 1: (SINGING) Ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, Brains On!
MEYER: You're listening to Brains On! I'm Meyer.
MOLLY BLOOM: And I'm Molly. Today we're taking some of the "is it true" questions you've sent us and putting them to the test. If you have one, send it to us at brainson.org/contact.
MEYER: We just heard that twins cannot feel each other's pain.
MOLLY BLOOM: Next up, we'll answer a very different kind of question about the Vikings.
[DRAMATIC MUSIC]
MEYER: Vikings were fearsome warriors and skilled sailors.
MOLLY BLOOM: About a thousand years ago, they dominated Europe and beyond.
MEYER: Viking warriors paddled longboats that sometimes looked like dragons.
[DRAGON ROARS]
MOLLY BLOOM: And they wore helmets with horns.
MEYER: Or did they?
[RECORD SLOWS, STOPS]
MOLLY BLOOM: Recently we got this question from Cora in Portland, Oregon.
CORA: Is it true that Viking helmets didn't have horns?
MOLLY BLOOM: We decided to ask Dr. Heide Norgaard. She's an archaeologist from Denmark.
MEYER: And she knows a lot about Vikings.
HEIDE NORGAARD: The Vikings we know today are kind of a fairy tale that was told in the 1800s.
MOLLY BLOOM: This was hundreds of years after the time of the Vikings, so people in Europe hadn't seen Vikings for themselves.
MEYER: Most people in Europe at the time lived and worked on farms. The steam engine was becoming more common.
MOLLY BLOOM: And people were becoming more familiar with Viking myths and stories.
MEYER: Around the same time, archaeologists were very interested in the treasures they found from the Viking Age.
MOLLY BLOOM: Artists were interested, too. They began painting pictures of Vikings with big beards, muscles, and horned helmets.
MEYER: There was even a series of operas that came out called the Ring Cycle, inspired by Viking mythology.
[CLASSICAL MUSIC]
MOLLY BLOOM: Here's Heide again.
HEIDE NORGAARD: This opera is about strong men who are fighting for their country, and the designer of the costumes wanted to have these men look even more strong. And he was the one that put horns on the helmets. That was his design. So the idea is born in the opera, and until today, we haven't changed this picture.
MOLLY BLOOM: So a costume designer and a few artists in the 1800s created this image of Vikings wearing horned helmets, and it sticks with us today. But to answer Cora's question--
HEIDE NORGAARD: Vikings did not have horns on their helmets.
MEYER: Whoa! Big-time plot twist. Vikings didn't have horned helmets.
MOLLY BLOOM: Which makes sense when you think about it.
MEYER: Horns would have made their helmets take up too much space on warships.
MOLLY BLOOM: And they would have been dangerous and clunky in battle.
HEIDE NORGAARD: A helmet should help the sword away from your head. It glides off the helmet. When you put horns on your helmet, the sword will get catched in the horns.
MOLLY BLOOM: So Vikings wore simple helmets made of iron or leather, or no helmets at all.
MEYER: But ancient helmets with horns have been discovered where the Vikings once lived.
MOLLY BLOOM: For example, about 80 years ago, people discovered two ancient metal helmets with big bull-like horns in Denmark.
MEYER: So how do scientists know these helmets didn't belong to the Vikings?
MOLLY BLOOM: When archaeologists looked closely at those horned helmets, they realized they were similar to objects from the Bronze Age, way before the Vikings existed. A few years ago, Heide and a team of scientists tested ancient glue found on one of the horns and confirmed the truth. Those helmets are at least 2,000 years older than the Vikings. They belonged to someone else.
MEYER: Archaeologists solving ancient mysteries. I've always wanted to be an archaeologist.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh my gosh, when did you start getting interested in that?
MEYER: Ever since I read about Pompeii. [LAUGHS]
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, Pompeii is so cool. Can you tell me what Pompeii is, in case kids don't know what it is?
MEYER: It was this city that was covered in ash because Mount Vesuvius erupted.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh my gosh. So the whole town in Italy is basically preserved because of all the ash that fell on it, right?
MEYER: Yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: That's so cool. So what kind of archaeology would you want to do?
MEYER: Probably like that, or being a paleontologist.
MOLLY BLOOM: Ah, OK. Yeah. So yeah, the difference between archaeology and paleontology is archaeologists study humans, and paleontologists study ancient dinosaur stuff and other old animals. But you're interested in old stuff that doesn't exist anymore. Is that because it's kind of mysterious?
MEYER: Yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: Very cool. What's a question you have about the past that you would want to find an answer to?
MEYER: How old are humans? Like, when did our new species start existing?
MOLLY BLOOM: Mm, excellent question. Yeah. I can't wait till you're an archaeologist and you find some answers.
[CHEERFUL MUSIC]
Digging into the past is so much fun, and so is digging into tricky questions. Lucky for us, we have one more to answer.
HOLLAND: My name is Holland and I'm from Massachusetts. I was wondering, is it true that dogs can't see as many colors as humans?
MEYER: I have wondered if that's true.
MOLLY BLOOM: That's something a young scientist named Jay Neitz wondered, too. Let me set the scene. It was the late 1980s.
[ELECTRONIC MUSIC]
Jay was working in a lab that studied how brains see color.
JAY NEITZ: When I would tell people that I work on color vision, they a lot of times would ask me different questions about it. And one of the most common questions people would ask is about what kinds of colors dogs see. Are dogs are really colorblind?
MEYER: Back then, a lot of people thought dogs could only see black and white.
MOLLY BLOOM: But Jay looked into the research that existed, and there wasn't a lot. And the research that did exist hadn't found an answer. The lab Jay worked in had developed a way to test color vision in animals like monkeys.
MEYER: So he set out to find an answer about dogs.
JAY NEITZ: The way we do it is we start with a question, and then we come up with a tentative answer to that question. So our question is, do dogs see color?
MOLLY BLOOM: This is how science works. First a question, then a hypothesis. That's a prediction of an answer to your question.
JAY NEITZ: When you have a hypothesis, it makes a prediction, and then we can test that prediction.
MEYER: So the question was, do dogs see color? And the prediction was, yes, we think they can.
MOLLY BLOOM: And Jay started with a dog he knew very well.
JAY NEITZ: My wife and I had a little dog, a toy poodle. His name was Retina.
MOLLY BLOOM: Yes, Retina. Like the part of the eye that senses light. Your whole body is made up of cells. You've got blood cells, brain cells, bone marrow cells.
MEYER: The list could go on and on, but we don't need to. You get the idea.
MOLLY BLOOM: Your eye is made up of cells, too. And on the retina, that special light-sensing part of your eye, are special cells called cones.
MEYER: Humans have three kinds of cone cells-- cones that sense red light, cones that sense green light, and cones that sense blue light.
MOLLY BLOOM: With these three cones, we can see a whole rainbow of colors. When Jay tested Retina the dog, he figured out that Retina's doggy eyes had two types of cone cells, ones that sense blue light and ones that sense yellow light. Which means they see the world in shades of blue and yellow.
MEYER: Then Jay tested a few other dogs and found these dogs' results were the same as his dog, Retina. The data supported the hypothesis.
MOLLY BLOOM: So it seemed like his guess was right, at least based on what we know now.
JAY NEITZ: In science, you can never prove something completely. But we do an experiment and then go, OK. Our hypothesis so far seems well-supported, because this is what we would predict.
MEYER: Did he just say science can never prove something completely?
MOLLY BLOOM: He did. That's because scientists are really good at understanding that there's so much about the world we don't know. New technology could be developed that shows us things in a new light. New questions could be asked that give us a new way of understanding something. So scientists are good at pointing out that what we know right now is just that-- what we know right now.
MEYER: And knowing something right now doesn't mean we stop asking questions and trying to learn more.
MOLLY BLOOM: Exactly.
[UPBEAT MUSIC]
Being skeptical is important. Stay curious and keep asking, is it true?
MEYER: Today, your questions helped us learn some pretty fascinating things.
MOLLY BLOOM: Like, can twins feel each other's pain? No, even though they may have a lot in common.
MEYER: And the Vikings didn't wear horned helmets. A costume designer and some artists invented that idea in the 1800s.
MOLLY BLOOM: And dogs can't see color like we do, but they do see the world in shades of yellow and blue.
MEYER: That's it for this episode of Brains On!
MOLLY BLOOM: This episode was written by--
JESS MILLER: Jess Miller.
ROSIE DUPONT: Rosie DuPont.
MOLLY BLOOM: And me, Molly Bloom. Our editors are--
SANDEN TOTTEN: Sanden Totten.
MOLLY BLOOM: --and--
SHAHLA FARZAN: Shahla Farzan.
MOLLY BLOOM: Fact-checking by--
RUBY GUTHRIE: Ruby Guthrie.
MOLLY BLOOM: We had engineering help from Josh Savageau and Trevor Parks, with sound design by--
RACHEL BREES: Rachel Brees.
MOLLY BLOOM: Original theme music by--
MARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez.
MEYER: We had production help from the rest of the Brains On! Universe team.
ANNA GOLDFIELD: Anna Goldfield.
NICO GONZALEZ WISLER: Nico Gonzalez Wisler.
LAUREN HUMPERT: Lauren Humpert.
JOSHUA RAY: Joshua Ray.
MARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez.
CHARLOTTE TRAVER: Charlotte Traver.
ANNA WEGGEL: Anna Weggel.
MEYER: And--
ARON WOLDESLASSIE: Aron Woldeslassie.
MOLLY BLOOM: Beth Pearlman is our executive producer, and the executives in charge of APM Studios are Chandra Kavati and Joanne Griffith. Special thank to Mrs. Miller, Lisa Hutton, and Oliver Hutton.
MEYER: Brains On! is a nonprofit public radio program.
MOLLY BLOOM: There are lots of ways to support the show. Subscribe to Brains On! Universe on YouTube, where you can watch animated versions of some of your favorite episodes, or head to brainson.org.
MEYER: While you're there, you can send us mystery sounds, drawings, and questions.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK, Meyer, are you ready to hear the mystery sound again?
MEYER: Uh, yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, yeah. OK, let's hear it.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
What do you think? Because the last time you were like, maybe a sink, maybe some water.
MEYER: I think it's washing dishes.
MOLLY BLOOM: Washing dishes. I think you're really close with that. I think there's definitely a sink involved, too. I think there's definitely dishes or something. Sounds like something's grinding, maybe?
MEYER: Wait, can I hear it again?
MOLLY BLOOM: Yeah.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
MEYER: It's a garbage disposal.
MOLLY BLOOM: It does sound like a garbage disposal. Like in the sink.
MEYER: Because you have to run the water while the garbage disposal is going.
MOLLY BLOOM: Yes!
MEYER: And the little thunk is you plopping the food in.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, yes. I think you are correct. Should we see if you're right?
MEYER: Yeah.
MOLLY BLOOM: OK, here's the answer.
REID: My name is Reid from Ann Arbor, Michigan. And that was the sound of my garbage disposal grinding up limes.
MOLLY BLOOM: Oh, good job! You got it! A garbage disposal grinding up limes. Excellent, excellent work.
MEYER: We have one in our house. My brother likes to just turn it on and off and on and off.
MOLLY BLOOM: In case people don't have garbage disposals at home, it's connected to your sink, and you can put-- if there are food chunks that go down your sink, it'll kind of mash them all up.
MEYER: And there's this little bolt that spins around, and then it mashes up the food.
MOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. Nice work, Meyer. Garbage disposals are very loud.
[WATER RUNNING, RUMBLING]
Now it's time for the Brains Honor Roll. These are the incredible kids who keep the show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings, and high fives.
[LISTING HONOR ROLL]
SINGER 2: (SINGING) Brains Honor Roll. High fives.
MOLLY BLOOM: We'll be back next week with a mystery sound extravaganza.
MEYER: Thanks for listening.
Transcription services provided by 3Play Media.
